Sleep disruption measures were standardized, and estimates of association were similar (range, -0.37 to -0.59 MoCA-SA point per standard deviation of disruption). Actigraphic sleep-disruption measures were also associated with odds of 5-year cognitive decline (4 or more points), with wake after sleep onset having the strongest association (odds ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.04, 1.98). Longitudinal associations were generally stronger for men than for women. Self-reported sleep showed little association with cognitive function. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, is an invasive pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) throughout Canada and the United States. The applicability of available monitoring tools, including sex-pheromone baited traps, yellow sticky cards, and soil core sample surveys, in the northern-most agroecosystem of its invasive range has not been assessed. In this study, the attraction of male wheat midge to two Delta traps (green and orange) baited with one of three pheromone lures (a flex lure and two red septa lures from different sources) were compared. The efficacy of three yellow sticky cards (7 × 12 cm, 14 × 18 cm, and 14 × 18 cm rolled into a cylinder) for capture of male and female midge was assessed. Larvae were extracted from wheat heads sampled at the same sites to determine relationships with earlier adult trap capture. More male adult midges were captured in pheromone-baited traps with a greater surface area and in traps baited with the Scotts flex lure than the Great Lakes IPM septa lure, which had higher and more variable pheromone release rates. The smaller yellow sticky cards captured more male and female midges than the larger yellow sticky cards, regardless of shape. The number of female midges captured on yellow sticky cards predicted the number of larvae in wheat heads. The number of male midges captured in pheromone-baited traps did not predict larval density. Relationships were found between the number of overwintering cocoons recovered in soil core samples and emerging midges the following spring. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.MOTIVATION Bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) is a state-of-the-art technique for investigating methylation of the DNA to gain insights into the epigenetic regulation. Several algorithms have been published for identification of differentially methylated regions (DMRs). However, the performances of the individual methods remain unclear and it is difficult to optimally select an algorithm in application settings. RESULTS We analyzed BS-seq data from four plants covering three taxonomic groups. We first characterized the data using multiple summary statistics describing methylation levels, coverage, noise, as well as frequencies, magnitudes and lengths of methylated regions. Then, simulated data sets with most similar characteristics to real experimental data were created. Seven different algorithms (metilene, methylKit, MOABS, DMRcate, Defiant, BSmooth, MethylSig) for DMR identification were applied and their performances were assessed. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/idasanutlin-rg-7388.html A blind and independent study design was chosen to reduce bias and to derive practical method selection guidelines. Overall, metilene had superior performance in most settings. Data attributes such as coverage and spread of the DMR lengths were found to be useful for selecting the best method for DMR detection. A decision tree to select the optimal approach based on these data attributes is provided. The presented procedure might serve as a general strategy for deriving algorithm selection rules tailored to demands in specific application settings. AVAILABILITY Scripts that were used for the analyses and that can be used for prediction of the optimal algorithm are provided at https//github.com/kreutz-lab/DMR-DecisionTree. Simulated and experimental data are available at https//doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11619045 Supplementary Information is available at Bioinformatics online. © The Author(s) (2020). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.The ability to obtain genome-wide sequences of very large numbers of individuals from natural populations raises questions about optimal sampling designs and the limits to extracting information on key population-genetic parameters from temporal-survey data. Methods are introduced for evaluating whether observed temporal fluctuations in allele frequencies are consistent with the hypothesis of random genetic drift, and expressions for the expected sampling variances for the relevant statistics are given in terms of sample sizes and numbers. Estimation methods and aspects of statistical reliability are also presented for the mean and temporal variance of selection coefficients. For nucleotide sites that pass the test of neutrality, the current effective population size can be estimated by a method of moments, and expressions for its sampling variance provide insight into the degree to which such methodology can yield meaningful results under alternative sampling schemes. Finally, some caveats are raised regarding the use of the temporal covariance of allele-frequency change to infer selection. Taken together, these results provide a statistical view of the limits to population-genetic inference in even the simplest case of a closed population. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.Recombination confers a major evolutionary advantage by breaking up linkage disequilibrium (LD) between harmful and beneficial mutations, thereby facilitating selection. However, in species that are only periodically sexual, such as many microbial eukaryotes, the realized rate of recombination is also affected by the frequency of sex, meaning that infrequent sex can increase the effects of selection at linked sites despite high recombination rates. Despite this, the rate of sex of most facultatively sexual species is unknown. Here, we use genome-wide patterns of LD to infer fine-scale recombination rate variation in the genome of the facultatively sexual green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We observe recombination rate variation of up to two orders of magnitude, and find evidence of recombination hotspots across the genome. Recombination rate is highest flanking genes, consistent with trends observed in other non-mammalian organisms, though intergenic recombination rates vary by intergenic tract length. We also find a positive relationship between nucleotide diversity and physical recombination rate, suggesting a widespread influence of selection at linked sites in the genome.